System enhancements for using power saving

ABSTRACT

A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configured to receive at least three sets of parameters associated with power saving. A first set of the parameters is associated with an idle state. A second set of the parameters is associated with a connected state. A third set of the parameters is associated with not being in a connected state and remains registered with a network and maintains a packet data network (PDN) connection. The WTRU is configured to enter active times based on the third set of parameters on a condition that the WTRU is not in the connected state and remains registered with the network. During the active times, the WTRU is configured to monitor physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) for paging messages.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional applicationSer. No. 15/088,895 filed on Apr. 1, 2016, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/142,764, filed on Apr. 3, 2015, U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/161,550, filed May 14, 2015, and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/201,900, filed Aug. 6, 2015, all of whichare incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND

In wireless systems, such as Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)systems, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) in IDLE mode may useDiscontinuous Reception (DRX) to reduce power consumption. With DRX, theWTRU may wake up on its Paging Frame (PF) and/or Paging Occasion (PO) tomonitor a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) for a possiblepaging message from the network.

SUMMARY

Methods and apparatus may be used for selecting power saving mechanismsin a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). For example, a WTRU maysupport at least power saving mode (PSM) and/or extended discontinuousreception (eDRX) mode. The WTRU may send a request message includingparameters associated with the supported power saving mechanisms, suchas an active time for PSM and a preferred DRX value for eDRX mode. TheWTRU may receive an accept message including at least one selectedparameter that indicates the power saving mechanism for the WTRUselected by the network (NW). The WTRU may activate the selected powersaving mechanism, and may start a validity timer to define the durationof use of the selected power saving mechanism. In another example, aWTRU configured to use eDRX may receive paging signals for systeminformation (SI) change over a prolonged Broadcast Control Channel(BCCH) modification period, such that the paging signals may include aflag to indicate paging message that are for eDRX WTRUs only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description,given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawingswherein:

FIG. 1A is a system diagram of an example communications system in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example wireless transmit/receive unit(WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated inFIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of an example radio access network and anexample core network that may be used within the communications systemillustrated in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example paging cycle;

FIG. 3 is a system diagram of an example high-level service capabilityexposure system architecture;

FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram of an example General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) tunneling protocol (GTP) for the core network (GTP-C) requestprocedure;

FIG. 5 shows a flow diagram of another example GTP-C request procedure;

FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of an example power saving mechanismselection procedure;

FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram of another example power saving mechanismselection procedure;

FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of an example power saving mechanismchanging procedure;

FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of another example power saving mechanismchanging procedure;

FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram of an example WTRU reachability reportingprocedure; and

FIG. 11 shows a flow diagram of an example mobility management entity(MME) and evolved Node B (eNB) communication procedure;

FIG. 12 shows a signaling diagram of an example paging for systeminformation (SI) change notification procedure;

FIG. 13 shows a signaling diagram of another example paging for SIchange notification procedure; and

FIG. 14 shows a signaling diagram of an example SI change procedure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an example communications system 100 in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communicationssystem 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, suchas voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wirelessusers. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless usersto access such content through the sharing of system resources,including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code divisionmultiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wirelesstransmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d, a radioaccess network (RAN) 104, a core network 106, a public switchedtelephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112,though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplateany number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.Each of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may be any type of deviceconfigured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. Byway of example, the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may be configuredto transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include userequipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, apager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), asmartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor,consumer electronics, and the like.

The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114 a anda base station 114 b. Each of the base stations 114 a, 114 b may be anytype of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d to facilitate access to one or morecommunication networks, such as the core network 106, the Internet 110,and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114 b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B,a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP),a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114 a, 114 bare each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that thebase stations 114 a, 114 b may include any number of interconnected basestations and/or network elements.

The base station 114 a may be part of the RAN 104, which may alsoinclude other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such asa base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relaynodes, etc. The base station 114 a and/or the base station 114 b may beconfigured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within aparticular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (notshown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example,the cell associated with the base station 114 a may be divided intothree sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114 a mayinclude three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. Inanother embodiment, the base station 114 a may employ multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multipletransceivers for each sector of the cell.

The base stations 114 a, 114 b may communicate with one or more of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d over an air interface 116, which may beany suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF),microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Theair interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio accesstechnology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may bea multiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. Forexample, the base station 114 a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), whichmay establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMAmay include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access(HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed DownlinkPacket Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

In another embodiment, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).

In other embodiments, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e.,Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), InterimStandard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System forMobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

The base station 114 b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B,Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitableRAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such asa place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In oneembodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d mayimplement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wirelesslocal area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114 band the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yetanother embodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 dmay utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE,LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A,the base station 114 b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.Thus, the base station 114 b may not be required to access the Internet110 via the core network 106.

The RAN 104 may be in communication with the core network 106, which maybe any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications,and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d. For example, the core network 106may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-basedservices, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution,etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as userauthentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciatedthat the RAN 104 and/or the core network 106 may be in direct orindirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as theRAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connectedto the RAN 104, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, thecore network 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (notshown) employing a GSM radio technology.

The core network 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, 102 d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/orother networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephonenetworks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks anddevices that use common communication protocols, such as thetransmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) andthe internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. Thenetworks 112 may include wired or wireless communications networks ownedand/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks112 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs,which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d in thecommunications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may include multiple transceivers forcommunicating with different wireless networks over different wirelesslinks. For example, the WTRU 102 c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured tocommunicate with the base station 114 a, which may employ acellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114 b, whichmay employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B,the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, atransmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, adisplay/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, apower source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, andother peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 mayinclude any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remainingconsistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purposeprocessor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in associationwith a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs)circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine,and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, dataprocessing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any otherfunctionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wirelessenvironment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120,which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1Bdepicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separatecomponents, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and thetransceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package orchip.

The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmitand/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/orreceive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet anotherembodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured totransmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciatedthat the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmitand/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

In addition, although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted inFIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number oftransmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 mayemploy MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 mayinclude two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multipleantennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the airinterface 116.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that areto be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulatethe signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. Asnoted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, forexample.

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receiveuser input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/orthe display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) displayunit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 mayaccess information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory,such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storagedevice. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identitymodule (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card,and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may accessinformation from, and store data in, memory that is not physicallylocated on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (notshown).

The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and maybe configured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitabledevice for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 mayinclude one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd),nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which maybe configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude andlatitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In additionto, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from abase station (e.g., base stations 114 a, 114 b) and/or determine itslocation based on the timing of the signals being received from two ormore nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 mayacquire location information by way of any suitablelocation-determination method while remaining consistent with anembodiment.

The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, whichmay include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provideadditional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include anaccelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera(for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, avibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, aBluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digitalmusic player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internetbrowser, and the like.

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of the RAN 104 and the core network 106according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ anE-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communicationwith the core network 106.

The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c, though it will beappreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment,the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may implement MIMO technology. Thus,the eNode-B 140 a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmitwireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102 a.

Each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may be associated with aparticular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radioresource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of usersin the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, theeNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may communicate with one another over an X2interface.

The core network 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility managemententity gateway (MME) 142, a serving gateway (SGW) 144, and a packet datanetwork (PDN) gateway (PGW) 146. While each of the foregoing elementsare depicted as part of the core network 106, it will be appreciatedthat any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entityother than the core network operator.

The MME 142 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 cin the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. Forexample, the MME 142 may be responsible for authenticating users of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting aparticular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, and the like. The MME 142 may also provide a control planefunction for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown)that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.

The serving gateway 144 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 140 a,140 b, 140 c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The serving gateway144 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c. The serving gateway 144 may also perform otherfunctions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers,triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c, and the like.

The serving gateway 144 may also be connected to the PDN gateway 146,which may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access topacket-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitatecommunications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and IP-enableddevices.

The core network 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.For example, the core network 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, tofacilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c andtraditional land-line communications devices. For example, the corenetwork 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g.,an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interfacebetween the core network 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the corenetwork 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to thenetworks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks thatare owned and/or operated by other service providers.

In Discontinuous Reception (DRX) modes, one paging frame (PF) may be,for example, one radio frame comprising multiple subframes (e.g. tensubframes), which may contain one or multiple paging occasions (POs).Each PO may be one subframe. The PFs and POs may be periodic and theperiod may be referred to as the DRX cycle or the paging cycle.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example paging cycle 200. The WTRU's DRX cyclemay define which frames are used for paging frames. For example, a PFmay occur on a cycle of every T=32 frames (e.g. frames 4 and 36 areshown as PFs in FIG. 2). A subframe may be designated as a PO within thePF. Examples of subframes that may be used as POs include subframes 0,4, 5 or 9 (e.g. subframe 9 is used as a PO in FIG. 2). A WTRU may haveone PO per DRX cycle, or may have more than PO per DRX cycle. A PF andPO may be determined using a formula and/or parameters, which may beprovided in broadcasted system information for example.

In an example, an eNB may broadcast a default DRX cycle in the systeminformation block 2 (SIB2) for some or all of the WTRUs in the cell. Thedefault DRX cycle may be 32, 64, 128 or 256 radio frames, for example.The WTRU may request to use a WTRU-specific DRX cycle by including aproposed DRX cycle in the attach request message that it sends to theeNB. In an example, the eNB and the WTRU may use the shortest cycleamong the WTRU-specific DRX cycle and the default DRX cycle to calculatethe PF and/or PO for the WTRU.

In an example, the maximum DRX cycle may be 2.56 seconds, which may notbe efficient for WTRUs that have stringent power constraints and/orinfrequent downlink data transmission. The Third Generation PartnershipProject (3GPP) has been working on more aggressive power savingmechanisms, including, but not limited to, the following power savingmechanisms: Power Saving Mode (PSM); and extended DRX (eDRX). Otherexamples of power saving mechanisms include DRX and adjusted measurementreporting, which may be used by WTRUs in Idle and/or Connected mode.Power saving mechanisms are referred to in general, and examplesdescribed herein may refer to PSM and/or eDRX as specific types of powersaving mechanisms, although the examples described herein may similarlyapply to other power saving mechanisms not mentioned.

In PSM, a WTRU may turn off its radio (similar to a power-off) but mayremain registered with the network (NW), such that reattachment orreestablishment of PDN connections may be avoided. The WTRU may enterPSM after a time period (e.g. the “Active Time” period) after the WTRUexits Connected mode. The WTRU may only be reachable by the terminatingservices during the Active Time period. In the description herein,network and MME may be used interchangeably.

In an example, the Active Time may be negotiated between the WTRU and NWduring the Attach or TAU procedure. The WTRU may include a proposedActive Time value in the Attach Request or TAU Request message, and theNW may accept or change the Active Time value in the Attach Accept orTAU Accept message. In an example, the Active Time parameter may be oftype General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Timer 2, and may range from twoseconds to 186 minutes. In another example, a minimum recommended lengthfor the Active Time period may be the time allowing for the messagewaiting flag in the MME and/or Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) totrigger the Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) via the Home SubscriberServer (HSS) to deliver an short message service (SMS) message to theMME/SGSN, which may be for example Active Time=2 DRX cycles+10 seconds.

eDRX may achieve more aggressive power saving by extending the maximumDRX cycle (e.g. 2.56 seconds) to a longer value. For example, the DRXcycle for eDRX may be up to 10.24 seconds or longer. When describedherein, eDRX may be described in the context of Idle mode, however eDRXmay similarly apply to Idle and/or Connected mode.

Similar to the WTRU-specific DRX negotiation, the WTRU may negotiate theeDRX cycle during an Attach procedure or a TAU procedure. The WTRU mayinclude a proposed eDRX cycle in an Attach Request message and/or a TAURequest message, and the NW may accept or modify the proposed value ofthe Active Time parameter and may include the same or modified ActiveTime value in the Attach Accept message or TAU Accept message.

In an example, the eNB may also send or broadcast a default eDRX cycleso that the WTRU may not negotiate the eDRX cycle value with the NW. Inthis case, the WTRU and the NW may or may not communicate with eachother to activate/deactivate eDRX using non-access stratum (NAS)procedures, for example. In an example, if eDRX is activated for a WTRUand there is a paging message intended for the WTRU, the MME may includean eDRX indication and/or an eDRX value in the S1AP paging message sothat the serving eNB may know that it should use the eDRX cycle tocalculate the PF and PO for the WTRU.

3GPP systems may provide unique service capabilities and informationincluding, but not limited to, the following examples: communicationcapabilities; WTRU's subscription data; real-time user information (e.g.location and presence); Quality of Service (QoS) information; policyinformation; and/or security information. 3GPP Mobile Network Operators(MNO) may offer value added services by exposing these 3GPP servicecapabilities to external application providers, businesses, and/orpartners using a web-based application programming interface (API). 3GPPMNOs may combine other internal or external services with their networkcapabilities to provide richer, composite API services to theirpartners. This may provide mobile network intelligence to applications,which may allow new, profitable business relationships to be createdbetween MNOs and a wide range of external providers ofenterprise/business solutions and/or web-based services and/or content.

FIG. 3 is a system diagram of an example high-level service capabilityexposure system architecture 300. The example system architecture 300may include, but is not limited to include, any of the followingcomponents or elements, with may be part of a trust domain 310: aService Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) 306; Applications 302 ₁ . .. 302 ₃; APIs 304 ₁ . . . 304 _(N); and/or network entities 312 ₁ . . .312 _(M).

The SCEF 306 may provide a means to securely expose the services andcapabilities provided by 3GPP network entities/interfaces 312 ₁ . . .312 _(M). The SCEF 306 may provide a means for the discovery of theexposed service capabilities. The SCEF 306 may provide access to networkcapabilities through homogenous network APIs 304 ₁ . . . 304 _(N), whichmay be defined for example by Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), GroupeSpeciale Mobile Association (GSMA), and other standardization bodies.The SCEF 306 may abstract the services from underlying 3GPP networkinterfaces and protocols from network entities 312 ₁ . . . 312 _(M).

Power saving features may make WTRUs unreachable for mobile terminateddata and/or may cause high latency communication. The period of time forwhich these devices, employing aggressive power saving features, areunreachable may not be known to the application server (AS). Thesedevices may be made reachable for terminated data as per the needs fromthe AS.

Example mechanisms for being able to reach the WTRU for terminated datainclude, but are not limited to include, the following: the SGW maybuffer a terminated packet when the WTRU is not reachable, such that thepacket may be forwarded to the WTRU later when it makes contact with thenetwork; and/or the MME may set a flag when the WTRU is not reachablefor terminated data, such that the MME may later inform other networknodes (e.g. HSS, SCEF) when the WTRU makes contact with it, and theother network nodes may inform the AS that the WTRU may now bereachable. This may result in terminated data be forwarded from the AStowards the WTRU.

NW-initiated GPRS tunneling protocol (GTP) for the core network (GTP-C)message retransmissions are described herein. When the packet datanetwork gateway (PGW) and/or the serving gateway (SGW) initiates a GTP-Cprocedure by sending a request message (e.g. “create session request”message), the PGW/SGW may start a T3-Response timer to wait for aresponse. If the T3-Response timer expires before a response isreceived, the corresponding request message may be resent by the PGW/SGWon the S5/S8 interface or S11 interface, for example. The T3-Responsetimer may be a global setting (i.e. not WTRU-specific timer), and theexact value may depend on configuration, and may be a few seconds, forexample.

With the introduction of eDRX, the DRX cycle may be extended at least upto 10.24 seconds or more, which increases the risk of GTP-C messageretransmissions for those eDRX-activated WTRUs and may lead to thesignaling overload in the CN and/or failures of the GTP-C procedure.Increasing the value of the T3-Response timer may not resolve the issue,which may impact the non-eDRX WTRUs. Applying WTRU-specific T3-Responsetimers may not resolve the issue either, and may introduce extrasignaling to update the value of the timer and/or may reduce the PGW/SGWsignaling capacity.

Selection and change of power saving mechanism is described herein. Inan example, if a WTRU and its network support both PSM and eDRX, theremay be a choice to activate PSM and/or eDRX for power saving (i.e. oneor the other, or both at the same time). The WTRU and/or the NW maydecide on the power saving mechanism(s). For example, the WTRU may beassisted by the NW to select the power saving, such that the decisionmay depend on the user subscription profile, and/or application patterncharacteristics. The WTRU and the NW may negotiate with each other onthe selection of the power saving mechanism. Accordingly, the WTRU-NWsignaling (e.g. NAS signaling) may support such a negotiation.

In an example, when PSM and/or eDRX are activated in a WTRU, the WTRUmay need to change the power saving mechanism when the conditionschange. Example conditions that could trigger a change for moreefficient power saving mechanisms include, but are not limited toinclude, any of the following: a change of traffic pattern; a change ofthe WTRU's power level; and/or mobility events (e.g. redirected to adedicated CN that may not support the current mechanism). Thus,negotiation procedures may enable the WTRU and NW to negotiate thechange of the activated power saving mechanism. In an example, thesimultaneous activation of multiple power saving mechanisms (e.g. PSMand eDRX) may be used to efficiently reduce power consumption.

Reporting of WTRU reachability information to an AS is described herein.The activation of the PSM and/or eDRX features in a WTRU may change theWTRU's reachability pattern or introduce latency for terminatingservices. Therefore, it may be beneficial to notify the AS and/orService Capability Server (SCS) regarding the power saving mechanisms atthe WTRU.

In an example mechanism, event triggers may be monitored and/or WTRUreachability information may be reported to the AS/SCS. This examplemechanism may use a “Store and Forward” (S&F) function, which may residewith the SCEF for example, and when there is a downlink data deliveryrequest, the SCEF/S&F function may send requests for monitoring WTRUreachability (e.g. one-time or continuously) to the MME/SGSN. When theWTRU becomes reachable, a “WTRU reachable” monitoring event may betriggered, and the report may be sent to the SCEF/S&F function. Based onthis reachability information, the S&F may forward the stored downlinkdata to the WTRU. Another example mechanism may be based on a policy andcharging control (PCC) framework. Such a mechanism may be based on theprocedure for AF/AS to subscribe to the event reporting from the policyand charging rule function (PCRF) over Rx interface, for example.

In an example, a “WTRU reachable” event may be triggered by WTRU NASactivity such as a WTRU-triggered Service Request, and/or a TAU Request.This kind of event makes sense for PSM WTRUs when they exit PSM modewith some WTRU-triggered activity. An Idle WTRU with eDRX activated maystill be considered reachable, with or without WTRU-triggered NASactivity. In other words, the activation/deactivation of the eDRXfeature may not change a WTRU's reachability so no reachable event maybe triggered. Although eDRX-activated WTRUs may technically bereachable, there may be great delays for downlink delivery. This latencyinformation may be critical to the applications but may not be simplyacquired through reachable event reports. Using a reachable-event basedmechanism, when a reachable event is reported to the SCEF or AS/SCS,there may be no downlink activity. At the time that the AS needs toinitiate a downlink delivery, the WTRU's reachability may have alreadychanged.

In an example, connected Mode eDRX may cause NAS Timer Expiry. Forexample, for a connected WTRU, the (e)DRX may be configured andactivated by the eNB. The exact timing of an On_Duration period duringwhich the eNB may transmit data may be known at the WTRU and/or eNB, butmay not be known at the MME. In this case, when a MME initiates a NASprocedure towards a connected WTRU, which may have (e)DRX activated, itmay be unknown when the message will be delivered to the WTRU. This maybe acceptable in the case that the longest DRX cycle value for connectedmode is 2.56 seconds and the network side NAS timers are around 6˜10seconds. However, if an eDRX cycle value longer than 10 seconds isconfigured for a connected WTRU, the network initiated NAS proceduresmay risk repeated timer expires.

In an example scenario, a mobile terminated call request may be receivedby a WTRU from the circuit switched (CS) domain. When a WTRU isconfigured for registration in both packet switched (PS) and CS domains,the WTRU may operate in a mode that is referred to as CS/PS mode. Inthis case, when the WTRU registers in LTE, it may perform a combinedregistration (e.g. Attach and/or TAU procedure). In other words, theWTRU may send a registration request message to the MME that contains arequest to register in both domains. The MME may forward the CS part ofthe registration request message (e.g. the Location Update Request) tothe mobile switching center (MSC) and/or visitor location register(VLR). If the MSC/VLR accepts the received registration request, theWTRU may receive an Attach Accept message and/or a TAU Accept messageconfirming the PS and/or CS registrations.

Further to the above example scenario, any mobile terminated (MT) callthat comes to the MSC/VLR may result in the MSC (and/or VLR) sending apaging message to the MME. If the WTRU is in Idle Mode, the MME maystart a paging procedure. However, this may not be needed if the WTRU isin Connected Mode, because a (NAS) signaling connection between the MMEand the WTRU may already exist. In this latter case, the MME may send amessage, such as a “CS Service Notification” message, to inform the WTRUthat MME has a mobile terminated (MT) call request from the CS domain.Because CS Fallback may be a time consuming process, the MME may send a“Service Request” message to the MSC/VLR once the MME receives thePaging message from the MSC/VLR for a WTRU in Connected Mode. This mayassist a call setup process, such that the MSC may start a timer inorder to divert the MT call to, for example, a voice mailbox, in casethe WTRU does not reply to the paging within a certain time interval.The above procedure may be referred to as “Call Forwarding on No Reply”,for example.

In an example scenario, a WTRU may be in Connected Mode and eDRX may beactivated. Assuming that the MME may delay its messages to the eNB inthe DL direction, and assuming that the duration of an eDRX cycle may begreater than or equal to ten seconds, the MME may not send the CSService Notification for about ten seconds. When the MME sends the CSService Notification message, the WTRU may send the extended servicerequest (ESR) message back to the MME, perform some measurements, and/orget redirected to the CS domain. Once in the CS domain, the WTRU mayperform a location update, suspend PS bearers, and/or send a PagingResponse to the MSC/VLR. These procedures in the CS domain may take afew seconds. Together with the eDRX cycle duration, there may be a delayof 12-15 seconds before the MSC sends a “ringing tone” back to a userwho started the call. This may be considered a very long time whenmaking a phone call, during which the user may hang up the call. Inaddition, the WTRU may have gone through extensive CS fallback (FB)signaling, moved to GERAN/UTRAN, and/or faced a dropped call, forexample.

In another example, when a network changes system information (SI), thepaging message, which may include for example a systemInfoModificationidentification or element, may be used to inform WTRUs (in Idle and/orConnected) about a system information change. The NW may send a pagingmessage for SI change notification during a preconfigured period, suchas a Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) modification period. For example,the SI change may start at the boundary of the next BCCH modificationperiod. The length of BCCH modification period may be defined asmodificationPeriodCoeff×defaultPagingCycle.

In an example, the length of the BCCH modification period may be shorterthan the length of an eDRX cycle used by Idle WTRUs. These Idle WTRUsmay be at risk of missing the Paging for SI change notification.Therefore, mechanisms may be used to enable WTRUs using eDRX to reliablyreceive Paging messages for SI change notification.

Approaches for using power saving mechanism may be described herein inthe context of LTE communication systems and signaling, however thesemechanisms may be used in other wireless communication systems and UMTSsystems in particular. For example, when a procedure is described withreference to an LTE system entity such as the MME, a similar proceduremay apply to a corresponding UMTS system entity such as the SGSN. Inanother example, when LTE NAS signaling such as the Attach Requestmessage or Tracking Area Update Request message is described, similarsignaling can be used in a corresponding UMTS NAS signaling an AttachRequest message or Routing Area Update Request message.

In an example mechanism, an early response of the NW-initiated GTP-Crequest may be used, which may be used to avoid PGW/SGW retransmissionof GTP-C requests. FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram of an example GTP-Crequest procedure 400. At 410, eDRX may be activated in the WTRU 402 bythe MME 404. The PGW 408 may send a create bearer request message 412 tothe SGW 406, and the create bearer request message 414 may be forwardedby the SGW 406 to the MME 404. For example, the create bearer requestmessage 412/414 may be NW-initiated GTP-C request. When the MME 404receives the create bearer request message 414, and in the case thateDRX has been activated for WTRU 402 (e.g. eDRX activation 410), the MME404 may respond with a corresponding create bearer response message 418.

The MME 404 may send the create bearer response message 418 before aservice request 426 (or extended service request message) may bereceived by the MME 404 from the WTRU 402, and the MME 404 may includean early response indication in the create bearer response message 418.The time that MME 404 may choose to send the create bearer responsemessage 418 may take into account the T3-Response timer so that a createbearer response message 422 may arrive at SGW 406 and PGW 408 before theT3-response timer expires.

In an example, an early response indication may be an informationelement (IE) in a create bearer response message 418/422, or a causecode may be chosen to indicate the early response. In an example,certain fields of the create bearer response message 418/422, such asbearer context, may not be available so the MME 404 may leave thesefields blank or fill them with a reserved value. The blank or specialbearer context may also serve as an implicit early response indicationif no explicit indication is included.

Upon receiving the create bearer response message 418 with an earlyresponse indication, at 420 and 424, the SGW 406 and/or PGW 408 mayrestart the T3-Response timer and may wait for a future “real” createbearer response 430 and 432 between the MME 404 and SGW 406, and SGW 406and PGW 408. Depending on the durations of the eDRX cycle and/orT3-Response timer, the MME 404 may repeat sending an early response typemessage a few times until a “real” create bearer response message430/432 is possible (i.e. until a WTRU service request message 426 isreceived at the MME 404) or the procedure fails. Following a servicerequest message 426 from the WTRU 402 to the MME 404, bearer creation428 may occur between the WTRU 402 and the MME 404. In an example, ifthe WTRU 402 is in Idle mode when the create bearer procedure isinitiated, the MME 404 may send a paging signal 416 to the WTRU 402 tobring the WTRU to Connected mode to complete the bearer creation.

FIG. 5 shows a flow diagram of another example GTP-C request procedure500. eDRX 510, In the example of FIG. 5, when the SGW 506 or PGW 508receives the create bearer response 518 and 522 with an (explicit orimplicit) early response indication, the SGW 506 or PGW 508 may stop theT3-Response timer 520 and 524 and because the needed bearer context(e.g. S1-U eNB TEID, S1-U SGW TEID) may not be available, the SGW 506 orPGW 508 may withhold the downlink data. When the WTRU 502 becomesreachable and the NW triggered service request message 526 procedure andbearer creation procedures (i.e. sending of bearer creation message 528and modify bearer response messages 530 and 532) are completed, the MME504 may initiate a modify bearer request procedure (i.e. bearer creationmessage exchange 528, and modify bearer response messages 530 and 532)to provide the correct bearer context. After the modify bearer requestprocedure is completed, the downlink data can be transmitted.

In the examples in FIGS. 4 and 5, depending on the various proceduresthat the PGW (408/508) initiated, the messages that follow the createbearer response messages with “early response” indication may bedifferent. For example, in FIG. 5 the Modify Bearer Request proceduremay be initiated after an early response message 518/522 to the CreateBearer Request 514. If the PGW 508 initiated procedure is a DeleteBearer Request procedure (not shown) and after MME 502 has respondedwith Delete Bearer Response with “early response” indication, the MME502 may initiate the Delete Bearer Command procedure to release thebearer.

In the examples of FIGS. 4 and 5, an eNB (not shown) may send a responsemessage to the MME (e.g. 404/504) after the MME receives the pagingmessage (e.g. 416/516) if the eNB determined that there may be asignificant delay before the paging opportunity is available for theWTRU (e.g. 402/502). The eNB may include an indication in a pagingresponse message that the paging would or would not be delayed and mayalso provide an estimation of time length before the WTRU is available.Because the MME does not know which eNB serves the WTRU, and it is notefficient for all eNBs to respond to the paging message when a responseis not needed, the MME may ask the recent serving eNB to reportinformation such as whether the paging would or would not be delayedand/or an estimation of time length before the WTRU is available (e.g.if the MME has the recent serving eNB identifier in the context).

The MME may determine its actions based on the indication or estimatedtime length information received in the paging response message. Forexample, if the WTRU is reachable soon, the MME may not initiate the“early response” indication as described above and/or may wait for thecompletion of the bearer establishment and send the real response to theSGW/PGW. In another example, if the WTRU will not be available soon, theMME may initiate the “early response” as described above. In anotherexample, if the WTRU will not be available for a very long time, the MMEmay respond with a rejection message to the SGW/PGW. In another example,the MME may forward the estimated time length before the WTRU isreachable to the MME in an early response message and/or rejectionmessage to the SGW/PGW.

Example procedures for selection of power saving mechanism are describedherein. The example procedures may be used to select and activate one ormore power saving mechanisms, including PSM and/or eDRX. Although PSMand eDRX are used as examples, any other power saving mechanism may beused.

FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of an example power saving mechanismselection procedure 600. An initial attachment procedure 610 may occurbetween the WTRU 602, the MME 604 and the HSS 607 to attach the WTRU 602to the NW. At 612, the MME 604 may update the WTRU 602's subscriptiondata, for example to indicate that eDRX is a preferred power savingmechanism.

In the example power saving mechanism selection procedure 600, if theWTRU 602 supports multiple power saving mechanisms, for example PSM andeDRX, and none of the power saving mechanisms have been activated at theWTRU 602, the WTRU 602 may include a PSM Active Time value (e.g. T3324)and/or a preferred DRX value (e.g. DRX value=Y) in the Attach Request orTAU Request message 614 when the Attach or TAU procedure is initiated.The inclusion of both the Active Time for PSM and the preferred DRXvalue for eDRX in the Attach or TAU Request message 614 may beinterpreted by the MME 604 as an indication that the WTRU 602 supportsboth PSM and eDRX features, and the MME 604 may make a decision toselect one or more of the power saving mechanisms (e.g. PSM and/or eDRX)to be activated.

The MME 604 may decide on the power saving mechanism(s) for the WTRU 602based on, but not limited to, any of the following information: whetherthe network supports PSM or eDRX; the user subscription data may containan indication of which power saving mechanism may be preferred for WTRU602; the MME 604 may have a local policy or configuration that indicateswhich power saving mechanism may be preferred; and/or the MME 604 mayhave the WTRU's 602 traffic pattern information, either by localstatistics or inputs from SCEF (not shown), so that the MME 604 may usethe pattern information to derive the most appropriate power savingmechanism.

In an example, if MME 604 decides that WTRU 602 should use PSM for powersaving, the MME 604 may return a confirmed Active Time value (T3324) inthe Attach Accept or TAU Accept message 616 and may not include aconfirmed DRX value in the TAU Accept message 616. By way of the TAUAccept message 616, the WTRU 602 is notified that PSM has been selectedas the power saving mechanism.

In another the example, if MME 604 decides that the WTRU 602 should useeDRX for power saving, the MME 604 may return a confirmed DRX value inthe Attach Accept or TAU Accept message 616 and may not include aconfirmed Active Time value (T3324) in the TAU Accept message 616. Byway of the TAU Accept message 616, the WTRU 602 may be notified thateDRX has been selected as the power saving mechanism. In anotherexample, the Accept message 616 may include both an Active Time valueand DRX value to indicate selection of both PSM and eDRX as power savingmechanisms.

The MME 604 may include a validity timer value, associated with theconfirmed Active Time and/or DRX value, in the Attach Accept or TAUAccept message 616. The validity timer value may indicate for how longthe selected power saving mechanism(s) is valid before a renegotiationis needed. Upon receiving a validity timer value associated with aselected power saving mechanism, at 618, the WTRU 602 may activate theselected power saving mechanism (e.g. PSM and/or eDRX) and may start thevalidity timer. At 620, upon the expiry of the validity timer, the WTRU602 may initiate a renegotiation procedure by sending an (Attach or TAU)request message 622 (or wait until the next Attach or TAU procedure istriggered).

FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram of another example power saving mechanismselection procedure 700. As in FIG. 6, an initial attachment procedure610 may occur between the WTRU 702, the MME 704 and the HSS 707 toattach the WTRU 702 to the NW. At 712, the MME 704 may update itssubscription data, for example to indicate that eDRX is a preferredpower saving mechanism. In example power saving mechanism selectionprocedure 700, if WTRU 702 supports PSM and eDRX and neither mechanismhas been activated, the WTRU 702 may indicate a preference for amechanism by including the mechanism specific parameter in the AttachRequest or TAU Request message 714. For example, if WTRU 702 prefers touse PSM, the WTRU 702 may include an Active Time value (T3324) in theTAU request message 714. If WTRU 702 prefers to use eDRX, the WTRU 702may include a DRX value in the TAU request message 714.

If the NW (i.e. MME 704) agrees to the WTRU's 702 preferred power savingmechanism, the MME 704 may confirm the WTRU's 702 choice by includingthe corresponding PSM parameter in the Attach Accept or TAU Acceptmessage 716 (the value of the parameter may be the same as or differentfrom the WTRU 702 suggested value). If the NW doesn't agree to theWTRU's 702 preference, the MME 704 may indicate to the WTRU 702 to useanother mechanism by including the parameter of another kind of powersaving mechanism in the Attach Accept or TAU Accept message(s) 716. Forexample, the WTRU 702 may include a T3342 Active Time value in the TAURequest message 714, indicating it intends to use PSM for power saving.However, the NW may judge that it is better to use eDRX, so the MME 704may respond with a DRX value in the TAU Accept message 716. Uponreceiving the TAU Accept message 716, the WTRU 702 at 718 may activateeDRX (instead of PSM) for power saving and may start a validity timer,of provided.

The MME 704 may include a validity timer value associated with theActive Time or DRX value in the Attach Accept or TAU Accept message 716.The validity timer may indicate how long the selected mechanism mayremain valid before a renegotiation is needed. Upon receiving a timerassociated with the selected mechanism, the WTRU 702 may start the timerand upon the expiry of the timer at 720, the WTRU 702 may initiate thenegotiation procedure again by sending a TAU request message 722 (or theWTRU 702 may wait until the next Attach or TAU is triggered).

Procedures for alternating or changing power saving mechanisms in a WTRUare described herein. FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of an example powersaving mechanism changing procedure 800. At 810, if one kind of powersaving mechanism, for example PSM and/or eDRX, has been activated in aWTRU 802, the WTRU 802 may initiate and send a TAU request message 814to change to another kind of power saving mechanism by including aspecific parameter of the target powering saving mechanism in the TAURequest message 814 or other appropriate NAS messages (e.g. ExtendedService Request message). Examples of triggers for WTRU 802 to initiatesending the TAU request message 814 with the request to change powersaving mechanism may include, but is not limited to include, any of thefollowing triggers: the remaining batter power at the WTRU 802 hasdropped (or increased) to a certain level that requires a more efficientpower saving mechanism; there has been a long period of data inactivitythat may benefit from a more efficient power saving mechanism; the WTRU802 may have a different traffic pattern at different hours of the daysuch that the WTRU 802 may benefit from a more efficient power savingmechanism according to the traffic pattern; and/or the validity timerthat's associated with the current power saving mechanism has expired.

In an example, upon receiving the TAU request message 814, at 820, theMME 804 may confirm the change in power saving mechanism by includingthe corresponding parameter (the value of the parameter may be the sameor different as the WTRU suggested value) of the target power savingmechanism in the response message, which may be a TAU Accept message810. Accordingly, at 816, the WTRU 802 may change its power savingmechanism (e.g. from PSM to eDRX).

In another example, upon receiving the TAU request message 814, at 830,the MME 804 may reject the change request by not including the sameparameter in the response (TAU accept message 822) or including theparameter of the currently activated power saving mechanism in the TAUaccept message 822. In this case, at 824, the WTRU 802 may continue touse the currently activated power saving mechanism (e.g. PSM).

For example, if PSM is currently activated in a WTRU 802, the WTRU 802may include an eDRX value in the TAU Request message 814 when the TAUprocedure is triggered, thus indicating that the WTRU 802 hopes tochange the power saving mechanism from PSM to eDRX. If the NW agrees tothe change, the MME 804 may include the same DRX parameter in the TAUAccept message 810. If a confirmation is received by the WTRU 802, itmay alternate the power saving mechanism to the newly assigned powersaving mechanism, otherwise, the WTRU 802 may maintain activated thecurrent power saving mechanism.

FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of another example power saving mechanismchanging procedure 900. In the example power saving mechanism changingprocedure 900, it is assumed that a power saving mechanism(s) (e.g. PSM)is activated, at 910. When the MME 904 (NW) receives a TAU Requestmessage 912 that may contain the specific parameter of the currentlyactivated power saving mode (e.g. PSM Active Time, T3324=X), the MME 904may respond by sending a TAU accept message 914 without including thesame parameter for the activated power saving mechanism and/or withincluding an indication that another power saving mechanism should beused. For example, the MME 904 may include a suggestive parameter value(e.g. parameter DRX value=Y) for the target mechanism (e.g. eDRX) as theindication.

Upon receiving the indication, the WTRU 902 may initiate the negotiationfor the new power saving mechanism when the next TAU procedure istriggered. If a suggestive parameter was given by the MME 904, the WTRU902 may include the same power saving mechanism parameter value in thenext TAU Request message 918, and the MME 904 may respond with acorresponding parameter value in the TAU Accept response message 920. At916, The WTRU may continue to use the existing power saving mechanism(e.g. PSM). At 922, following the TAU procedure, the WTRU 902, mayactivate the new power saving mechanism as indicated by the MME 904(e.g. eDRX).

In an example, if a WTRU's current power saving mechanism is PSM, it mayinclude the Active Time in every TAU Request message. If at a point oftime the NW wants to change the WTRU's power saving mechanism to eDRX,the MME may respond without confirming the Active Time but instead mayinclude a suggestive eDRX value, which may indicate to the WTRU that itshould change the power saving mechanism to eDRX. When the next TAUprocedure is triggered, the WTRU may include an eDRX value in the TAURequest message to start the negotiation of the new eDRX mechanism,which may or may not be the same as the suggested value from the NW.

Examples of reasons for the NW to change the WTRU's power savingmechanism include, but are not limited, any of the following reasons:the WTRU subscription data may indicate that different power savingmechanisms are preferred for a different time of a day; the NW maydetect a WTRU activity pattern or have input of the traffic pattern fromSCEF or Application Servers that require more efficient power savingmechanisms; and/or the serving MME changes due to mobility orredirection to the dedicated CN, and the new serving MME does notsupport the current power saving mechanism.

Example procedures for reporting WTRU reachability as part of connectionproperty are described herein. In an example, a WTRU's reachability orlatency characteristics, which may be changed by activation/deactivationof the power saving mechanism (e.g. PSM, eDRX and/or other), may beassociated to one of the WTRU's PDN(s) and may be considered part of thePDN's connection property. The WTRU's reachability or latencycharacteristics information may be sent to and/or stored at the policyand charging enforcement function (PCEF) and/or the PCRF so that theAS/SCS may use the APIs provided by the SCEF to retrieve this WTRU'sreachability or latency characteristics information when needed.

FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram of an example WTRU reachability reportingprocedure 1000. At 1010, The WTRU 1002 and the MME 1004 may havenegotiated to activate a power saving mechanism (e.g. eDRX) in the WTRU1002. When a power saving mechanism (e.g. PSM and/or eDRX) is activatedor deactivated in WTRU 1002, or the related parameters (e.g. PSM ActiveTime and/or eDRX cycle length) change, the MME 1004 may initiate anappropriate GTP-C procedure, such as a Modify Bearer Request procedure,to send the power saving mechanism information over S11 and S5/S8interface to the PGW 1008. For example, the modify bearer requestprocedure may include modify bearer request message 1012 from the MME1004 to the SGW 1006, and modify bearer request message 1014 from theSGW 1006 to the PGW 1008.

The GTP-C message information (e.g. in the Modify Bearer Requestmessages 1012 and/or 1014) may include, but is not limited to include,any of the following information: whether the PSM is activated ordeactivated; if the PSM is activated, the value of the Active Time;whether the eDRX is activated or deactivated; if the eDRX is activated,the value of the eDRX cycle; parameters for any other power savingmechanism that may be supported by the WTRU 1002; estimated time of thenext paging opportunity that the MME 1004 may acquire from the eNB (notshown); latency Indication, such as whether there may be a risk of greatlatency for reaching the WTRU 1002; and/or reachability indication, suchas whether there may be a risk of unreachability of the WTRU 1002.

The MME 1004 may send the information concerning power saving mechanismsat the WTRU 1002 in the Modify Bearer Request message 1014, for exampleusing indication flags or as part of modified bearer contexts. Afterreceiving this information concerning power saving mechanisms at theWTRU 1002 from the MME 1004 (e.g. via the SGW 1006), the PGW 1008 maylocally store/update the information, 1016. If a PCRF is present (notshown), the PGW 1008 may forward the information to the PCRF.

With the information concerning power saving mechanisms at the WTRU 1002stored at the PGW 1008 (and/or PCRF), the PGW 1008 may provide theinformation to the AS/SCS 1011 as part of the WTRU's connectionproperties via the SCEF 1009. For example, the AS 1011 may send an APIrequest message 1018 to request WTRU connection property information tothe SCEF 1009, and the SCEF 1009 may in turn send the WTRU connectionproperty request message 1020 to the PGW 1008. The PGW 1008 may respondto the SCEF 1009 with a WTRU connection property response message 1022,including the information concerning power saving mechanisms at the WTRU1002, and the SCEF 1009 may in turn send an API response message 1024with the WTRU connection property information to the AS 1011.

Example procedures for MME and eNB communication for transmissionopportunity may help avoid NAS procedure timeout at the network side,for example when the WTRU is activated with eDRX in Connected mode asdescribed above. FIG. 11 shows a flow diagram of an example MME and eNBcommunication procedure 1100 for transmission opportunity. When eNB 1103activates/deactivates the WTRU 1102 for eDRX, 1110, the MME 1103 may beaware of the WTRU's 1102 DRX status in Connected mode. For example, theeNB 1103 may send an eDRX activation notification message 1112 to theMME 1104, and the MME 1104 may determine that it should initiate a NASprocedure at 1114.

In an example, when the MME 1104 needs to initiate a NAS procedure andthe WTRU 1102 is activated with eDRX, the MME 1104 may send a S1AP eDRXQuery message 1116 to the eNB 1103 in order to query for an estimationof the time period before the next downlink (DL) transmissionopportunity is available. Upon receiving the query message 1116, the eNB1103 may calculate the time length until the next On_Duration, based onthe eDRX parameters it has configured for the WTRU 1102 and the currentsystem frame number (SFN), at 1118. The eNB 1103 may return theestimated time length to the MME in 1104 via an S1AP eDRX Query Responsemessage 1120. A high degree of accuracy may not be needed for theestimated time length in order for the MME 1104 to make appropriatedecisions (for example, the estimated time length may be in seconds).

Depending on the received estimated time before the next DL transmissionopportunity, the MME 1122 may make different example decisions,including, for example: if the estimated time is not long (e.g.,approximately 2 s) compared to the NAS timer value, the MME 1104 mayimmediately start the NAS procedure; if the estimated time is long (e.g.approximately 10 seconds) compared to the NAS timer, the MME 1104 mayapply a local time-out (e.g. approximately 9 seconds) at 1122 and thenstart the NAS procedure after the time-out 1122. The NAS procedure mayinclude NAS message 1124 from MME 1104 to eNB 1103 and NAS message 1126from eNB 1103 to WTRU 1102.

In an example, when the eNB 1103 returns the estimation of the timelength before the next transmission opportunity, the eNB 1103 may alsoinclude the configured eDRX cycle value, so that the MME 1104 mayroughly calculate the future transmission opportunities for the NASprocedures. If the eNB 1103 received the eDRX Query message 1120 fromthe MME 1104 and has returned an estimated time length that is longcompared to the NAS timer, and then the WTRU 1102 initiates ULtransmission and becomes active, the eNB 1103 may inform the MME 1104that the WTRU 1102 has become active and may give an estimation of timeduration that the WTRU 1102 will remain active so the MME 1103 can startthe pending NAS procedure immediately.

In another example, when the eNB 1103 activates the eDRX at 1110 for theWTRU 1102 and informs the MME 1103 via the eDRX activation notificationmessage 1112, the eNB 1103 may give the MME 1104 an estimation of thetime length before next On_Duration, and/or the configured eDRX cycle,so the MME 1104 can have a rough calculation of when the transmissionopportunities will happen. This may eliminate the need to query the eNB1103 before the MME 1104 initiates the NAS procedure.

Example procedures for Mobile Terminated Call Request from the CS Domainare described herein. In an example, upon receiving the Paging messagefrom the CS domain, the MME, being aware of the fact that thisparticular Connected Mode WTRU has entered eDRX cycle, may not send theService Request message to the MSC/VLR. Instead, the MME may treat thereception of this Paging message as if the WTRU was in Idle mode. Inthis case, the MME may wait for the reception of the ESR message fromthe WTRU before it sends the Service Request message to the MSC/VLR.

In another example, the MME may send the Service Request message to theMSC/VLR. However, the MME may then override the eDRX cycle and send theCS Service Notification message to the eNB, with an indication that theWTRU should leave sleep mode. The eNB may then use the Physical DownlinkControl Channel (PDCCH) in order to notify the WTRU to leave sleep modeand decode the NAS message. In another example, the eNode B may send anotification to the WTRU that there is a NAS message waiting for it thatneeds to be read before the sleep mode cycle elapses.

Example procedures for reliable Paging for SI change notification inWTRUs using eDRX are described herein. In an example, a WTRU may receivean indication from the network (e.g. MME) that it needs to read systeminformation block 1 (SIB1) systemInfoValueTag at each wakeup when eDRXis used. Such an indication may be sent to the WTRU by the networkduring the same NAS procedure (e.g. Attach or TAU procedure) for theeDRX cycle negotiation.

If an indication to read SIB1 systemInfoValueTag at each wakeup isreceived, the WTRU may read SIB1 systemInfoValueTag first each time itwakes up and may determine if there is any SIB that has changed andneeds reacquisition. In an example, the WTRU may need to wake up beforethe scheduled PF or PO considering that reading SIB1 (along with otherpossible SIB update reacquisition) may take some time. In an embodiment,the WTRU may determine, by reading the systemInfoValueTag in SIB1, thatthe changed SIB(s) is not critical, and the WTRU may defer the changedSI reacquisition after it has finished Paging monitoring.

In an example, if the WTRU determines that there is a SI change byreading SIB1 systemInfoValueTag and has reread changed SIB(s), the WTRUmay ignore a Paging with SI change notification it receives shortlyafter before it goes back to sleep. The WTRU may consider this Pagingfor the same SI change. In another example, the need to read SIB1 may bestatically defined in the WTRU based on some specific rules derived fromsystem information or configuration (e.g. all WTRUs that are configuredwith an eDRX period larger than a specific threshold may need to readSIB1 systemInfoValueTag each wakeup).

In another example, the WTRU may send a network broadcasted BCCHModification Period to the network (e.g. MME) to help the network decidewhether it should configure the WTRU to read SIB1 at each wakeup. TheBCCH Modification Period may be sent to the network during the same NASprocedure (e.g. Attach or TAU procedure) used for eDRX cyclenegotiation. The MME may make a decision based on the comparison betweenthe BCCH Modification Period length and eDRX cycle length. For example,if the BCCH modification period is 20.48 seconds and the WTRU's eDRXcycle is 10.24 seconds, then there may not be a need to configure theWTRU to read SIB1 at each wakeup. If the BCCH modification period is10.24 seconds and the WTRU's eDRX cycle is 20.48 seconds, then the WTRUmay be configured to read SIB1 at each wakeup.

FIG. 12 shows a signaling diagram of an example paging for SI changenotification procedure 1200. The example paging for SI changenotification procedure 1200 may include extending the network paging forSI time period 1204 to span over multiple BCCH modification periods, forexample over BCCH modification periods 1202 ₁ and 1202 ₂. In an example,an eNB (not shown) that supports an eDRX cycle may extend the Paging forSI change notification time period 1204 to cover multiple BCCHModification Periods 1202 ₁ and 1202 ₂. This may increase the chance ofthe eDRX WTRU 1203 receiving a Paging (e.g. Paging 1216) and read theupdated SI 1218 when the eDRX WTRU 1203 is using an eDRX cycle.

In an example, the BCCH modification periods 1202 ₁, 1202 ₂ and 1202 ₃may not be changed. The eNB may transmit paging signals 1210, 1214 and1216, over consecutive modification periods 1202 ₁ and 1202 ₂ instead ofjust during one modification period 1202 ₁. A real SI change may occurafter the first modification period 1202 ₁. In this example, a WTRU 1201using a default DRX cycle (i.e. a normal or non-eDRX WTRU) may receivemultiple paging signals 1210 and 1214 for SI change notification. TheWTRU 1201 may read the updated SI 1212 after the first paging signal1210 and may ignore the repeated paging signal, such as paging signal1214, for example for those paging signals that are received in nolonger than X modification periods (e.g. X=1 or 2 modification periods)after the first paging signal 1210, for example.

In an example, the number of modification periods for which a normalWTRU should ignore the Paging may be configured through dedicated orbroadcast signaling. In another example, the number of modificationperiods for which a normal WTRU should ignore the Paging may be computedby the WTRU itself using the information related to the eDRX cycle or acombination of this information and other information sent in dedicatedor broadcast signaling.

For example, if the BCCH modification period is 10.24 seconds and theeDRX cycle is 40.96 seconds, the normal WTRUs may ignore all pagingmessages received over 4 (eDRX/BCCH Modification) BCCH modificationperiods, or over a multiple M of eDRX/BCCH Modification. The multiple Mmay be sent via dedicated or broadcast signaling or may be staticallyconfigured in the WTRU. For an eDRX WTRU using an eDRX cycle, if aPaging for SI change notification is received, the eDRX WTRU may readthe SI update at the next modification period boundary.

FIG. 13 shows a signaling diagram of another example paging for SIchange notification procedure 1300. The example paging for SI changenotification procedure 1300 is mostly similar to the example paging forSI change notification procedure 1200 in FIG. 12, such that the time ofpaging for SI change notification 1304 is extended to cover multipleBCCH modification periods 1302 ₁ and 1302 ₂. In contrast to FIG. 12, theeNB will only page eDRX WTRU 1303 using eDRX during the extended timefor SI change notification (e.g. during BCCH modification period 1302₂). The WTRU 1303 using eDRX may receive a paging signal 1316 for SIchange and read the updated SI 1318, where the SI change may include anindicator or flag that may indicate the paging signal 1316 is intendedfor eDRX WTRUs. A normal WTRU 1301 may receive and ignore the pagingsignal 1316, for example because the flag in the paging signal 1316indicates that the paging signal 1316 is for eDRX WTRUs and not normalWTRUs.

In an example, the network may page WTRUs using eDRX during pagingoccasions that are different than those used to page normal WTRUs, andnot send the paging message to normal WTRUs during the extended time forSI change notification. For example, with reference to FIG. 13, thenormal WTRU 1301 may be paged only during the original (unchanged) BCCHmodification period 1302 ₁. Thus, the normal WTRU 1301 may not receivethe second paging signal 1316 in BCCH Modification Period 1302 ₂.

In an example, when the BCCH modification period is not changed forWTRUs using eDRX, specific system information that should affect thebehavior of the WTRUs even while they are asleep may change without away for the eDRX WTRU to find out about it. An example of such systeminformation is the default DRX parameters used to define the PF and/orPO, which may also be needed by the WTRUs using eDRX.

FIG. 14 shows a signaling diagram of an example SI change procedure1400. In an embodiment, the time instant in which certain systeminformation change takes effect for the WTRUs using eDRX (e.g. WTRU1403) may be different from that of normal WTRUs (not shown). The normalWTRUs may continue to follow the current rules related to BCCHmodification period 1402 ₁. The WTRUs 1403 using eDRX may be paged foran extended period of time 1404, as described above (e.g. for aprolonged BCCH modification Period 1405 ₁ that may be equal to two BCCHmodification periods 1402 ₁ and 1402 ₂). The eDRX WTRU(s) 1403 mayoperate under the assumption that certain parts of their systeminformation (e.g. persistent system information) may change according toa prolonged BCCH Modification period 1405 ₁ (and prolonged BCCHModification period 1405 ₂ etc.), while other parts of their systeminformation may change according to the old BCCH Modification Period(s)1402 ₁, and therefore may or may not have changed when the eDRX WTRU1403 receives the paging message 1414.

In an example, in order for a change in the persistent systeminformation according to the prolonged BCCH modification period 1405 ₁to not affect the eDRX WTRU(s) 1403 when they are not able to receivethe paging message prior to the time in which the new system informationtakes effect, the network may continue to assume the old value of thissystem information for eDRX WTRUs 1403 until the end of a prolonged BCCHmodification period 1405 ₁. For normal WTRUs, all system information maycontinue to change according to the original BCCH modification periods1402 ₁ 1402 ₂ etc. Example behavior of a WTRU using eDRX is described infurther detail below.

Upon reception of a paging message where the SystemInfoModification flagindicates a change in system information, the eDRX WTRU may determinewhich changes according to the normal BCCH modification period havealready taken effect. This determination may be made, for example,according to any of the following techniques: by reading a flag in thepaging message; by reading the current value tag in SIB1; and/or byreading a flag or field in one of the SIBs.

The eDRX WTRU may read and update all system information. For systeminformation associated with the prolonged BCCH modification period (e.g.prolonged BCCH modification period 1405 ₁), the WTRU may assume thatthis system information change will take effect at the beginning of thenext prolonged BCCH modification period (e.g. prolonged BCCHmodification period 1405 ₂). For all system information associated withthe normal BCCH modification period the following rules may apply: basedon the above determination, if the change in this system information hasalready taken effect, the eDRX WTRU may immediately use the new systeminformation; and/or based on the above determination, if the change inthis system information has yet to take effect, the WTRU may use the newsystem information as of the start of the next regular BCCH modificationperiod.

In an example, some or all of the new system information (for examplesome system information that changes according to the original BCCHmodification period) may be sent to the eDRX WTRU directly in the pagingmessage itself. This may avoid the need for the WTRU to read all systeminformation. Furthermore, the sending of system information in thepaging message itself may occur when the above determination indicatesthat the change of system information has already taken effect. Inanother example, the eDRX WTRU may always receive its new systeminformation in the paging message.

In an example, the parameters related to PF and PO calculation in SIB2,which may be used by normal WTRUs, may be used for calculation of thewakeup times and window for WTRUs using eDRX. For example, theseparameters may be part of the system information that may changeaccording to the prolonged BCCH modification period for the WTRUs usingeDRX only. In this case, the network may continue to assume that theWTRUs using eDRX use the old system information until the beginning ofthe next prolonged BCCH modification period. At the beginning of thenext prolonged BCCH modification period after the network starts to sendnew contents of SIB2 (i.e., the system information in FIGS. 12-14changes from old to new), an eDRX WTRU that received the paging maymodify the calculation of its wakeup instances based on the new systeminformation.

In an example, the prolonged BCCH modification period may be configuredin system information by setting it to be a multiple of the eDRX period.The multiple may be provided in system information, or it may beconfigured as a multiple of the default DRX period using an extendedrange of modificationPeriodCoeff, for example. In another example, theprolonged BCCH modification period may be statically configured in theWTRU by dedicated signaling, or configured as part of the Attach or TAUprocedure. In another example, the prolonged BCCH modification periodmay be defined specifically and uniquely for each WTRU and may not bespecifically fixed time intervals like BCCH modification periods.

For example, the end of the BCCH modification period may be defined bythe end of the wakeup window for the eDRX wakeup period in which a WTRUreceives the paging with SystemInfoModification flag set to true. Newsystem information may be sent by the network at time T1 (e.g.corresponding to the change in old system information 1406 and newsystem information 1408 in FIG. 14). A WTRU using eDRX may have a wakeupscheduled at time T2, where T2>T1. This WTRU may continue to use the oldsystem information to calculate its DRX wakeup parameters until itreceives the paging at or after time T2. When the WTRU reads the newSIB2 parameters for DRX, it may start using these new parameters tocalculate the next wakeup periods for the current or next eDRX period.

In another example, the paging message sent to the eDRX WTRUs maycontain the time instance of the start of the BCCH modification periodwhere the new system information may have been transmitted by thenetwork. If this time instance occurs sometime following the receptionof the paging message, the eDRX WTRU may wakeup at the boundary of theBCCH modification period even if the BCCH modification period is notaligned with the eDRX wakeup in order to read the system information. Ifthe time instance has already occurred by the time the paging isreceived, the WTRU may immediately read the new system information.

Any of the above techniques and mechanisms may be implemented togetherto increase the reliability for eDRX WTRUs to receive Paging for SIchange. For example, for WTRUs that have an eDRX cycle not too muchlonger than one modification period, the WTRUs may rely on the network'sextended Paging time to receive the paging for SI change. The WTRUs thathave extremely long eDRX cycle may be configured to read SIB1 at eachwakeup.

Although features and elements are described above in particularcombinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that eachfeature or element can be used alone or in any combination with theother features and elements. In addition, the methods described hereinmay be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmwareincorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computeror processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronicsignals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) andcomputer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storagemedia include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), arandom access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductormemory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removabledisks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks,and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association withsoftware may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for usein a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)comprising: a transceiver; and a processor, wherein: the transceiver andthe processor are configured to receive at least three sets ofparameters associated with power saving, wherein a first set of theparameters is associated with an idle state and wherein the first set ofthe parameters is associated with a first type of network entity,wherein a second set of the parameters is associated with a connectedstate, wherein a third set of the parameters is associated with the WTRUnot being in a connected state and remaining registered with a networkand maintaining a packet data network (PDN) connection and wherein thethird set of the parameters is associated with a second type of networkentity, and wherein the first type of network entity is different thanthe second type of network entity; and the transceiver and the processorare further configured to, on a condition that the WTRU is not in theconnected state and remains registered with the network, enter activetimes based on the third set of the parameters, wherein the transceiverand the processor are further configured to, during the active times,monitor physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) for paging messages.2. The WTRU of claim 1 wherein the transceiver and the processor arefurther configured in the idle state to monitor PDCCHs for pagingmessages based on the first set of the parameters.
 3. The WTRU of claim1 wherein the transceiver and the processor are further configured inthe connected state, to monitor PDCCHs based on the second set of theparameters.
 4. The WTRU of claim 1 wherein the WTRU is in a connectedstate, and wherein the transceiver and the processor are furtherconfigured to receive a message from the network indicating the WTRU totransition from the connected state to a state to utilize the third setof the parameters.
 5. The WTRU of claim 1 wherein a timer is associatedwith the third set of the parameters and on a condition that the timerexpires, the processor is configured to transition to the idle state andutilize the second set of the parameters.
 6. A method implemented by awireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receivingat least three sets of parameters associated with power saving, whereina first set of the parameters is associated with an idle state andwherein the first set of the parameters is associated with a first typeof network entity, wherein a second set of the parameters is associatedwith a connected state, wherein a third set of the parameters isassociated with the WTRU not being in a connected state and remainingregistered with a network and maintaining a packet data network (PDN)connection and wherein the third set of the parameters is associatedwith a second type of network entity, and wherein the first type ofnetwork entity is different than the second type of network entity; andon a condition that the WTRU is not in the connected state and remainsregistered with the network, entering active times based on the thirdset of parameters, and monitoring physical downlink control channels(PDCCHs) for paging messages during the active times.
 7. The method ofclaim 6 further comprising monitoring, in the idle state, PDCCHs forpaging messages based on the first set of the parameters.
 8. The methodof claim 6 further comprising monitoring, in the connected state, PDCCHsbased on the second set of the parameters.
 9. The method of claim 6further comprising receiving a message from the network indicating theWTRU to transition from the connected state to a state to utilize thethird set of the parameters.
 10. The method of claim 6 wherein a timeris associated with the third set of the parameters and on a conditionthat the timer expires, transitioning to the idle state and utilizingthe second set of the parameters.